Frequently Asked Questions
These questions are compiled automatically from published articles and update with every new post.
5 Ways “Just Playing Games” Turned Me Into a Better Human Than More
Source article: /posts/5-ways-just-playing-games-turned-me-into-a-better-human
Can playing video games actually make you a better person in real life?
Video games can teach real-life skills like patience, empathy, leadership, and strategic thinking. Story-driven games build emotional intelligence, hard games build resilience, and team games build communication skills. The right games don't just entertain — they help you grow as a person.
Which types of video games are best for building patience and resilience?
Hard games like Dark Souls and Sekiro teach you to keep trying after failure. Survival games like The Long Dark and This War of Mine reward patience and careful decision-making. Even Stardew Valley teaches long-term thinking by making you wait seasons to see results.
Can video games improve empathy and emotional intelligence?
Yes. Story-driven games like The Last of Us, Undertale, and Disco Elysium put you in other people's shoes and make you feel the weight of your choices. Games like Hellblade and Papers, Please specifically tackle mental health and moral dilemmas, helping players understand perspectives they've never personally experienced.
Do video games help develop real leadership and strategic thinking skills?
Research by Nick Yee from Palo Alto Research Center found that players of online team games reported stronger leadership, motivation, and conflict-resolution skills. Strategy games like Civilization and StarCraft also improve planning and decision-making, with studies linking Civilization performance to higher problem-solving test scores.
Self-Discipline
Source article: /posts/self-discipline-1
How do you build self-discipline to train for a 63km ultramarathon race over 5 months?
The author completed a 63.4km ultramarathon in Cappadocia after 5 months of structured six-day-a-week training. Reflecting on why he couldn't replicate that discipline later, he traces it back to having a clear goal, a running community, and stable life conditions — all disrupted by the pandemic.
What did the 5-month ultramarathon training schedule look like?
The author trained six days a week: strength gym on Monday, 6–10km group runs on Tuesday, endurance lifting on Wednesday, HIIT intervals on Thursday, light gym work on Friday, and a 25–40km forest run starting at 4:30 AM on Saturday. Sunday was reserved for full rest.
Why was it hard to repeat the same training discipline two years later?
The author struggled to rebuild the same intensity for the 2021 race and linked this to the COVID-19 pandemic — uncertainty, gym risks, being confined at home, and the 2020 race being canceled all disrupted momentum and motivation.
What role did community and goals play in sustaining self-discipline?
Having a concrete race goal and training with the Runarchy Running Club gave the author external structure and accountability. Without those anchors, he found it much harder to maintain consistent effort, suggesting self-discipline is closely tied to clear purpose and social support.
Publishing an iOS App with Capacitor, Vue.js, Quasar: My Funny-Sad Happy Story
Source article: /posts/publishing-an-ios-app-with-capacitor-vue-js-quasar-my-funny
How do you publish an iOS app using Capacitor, Vue.js, and Quasar from development to App Store submission?
This post walks through publishing an iOS app built with Vue.js 3 and Quasar using Capacitor as the native bridge. It covers setup, dependency installation, browser testing, Capacitor sync, CocoaPods, and running on a simulator or real device. The steps also apply to other JS frameworks like React or Angular that use Capacitor.
What software do you need to build an iOS app with Capacitor and Vue.js?
You need Xcode, Visual Studio Code, and Git installed on a Mac. You also need to install project dependencies with npm, set up Capacitor CLI globally, and add the iOS platform using 'npx cap add ios' if it hasn't been added yet.
Does this Capacitor iOS workflow work for React or Angular, not just Vue.js?
Yes. Since Capacitor is a framework-agnostic native bridge, the core errors and solutions described apply to any JavaScript framework using Capacitor, including React, Angular, and Next.js. Each framework may have its own Capacitor plugin like @capacitor/react or @capacitor/angular, but the fundamentals are the same.
Why should you test in a browser before running your Capacitor app in Xcode?
Testing with 'quasar dev' in the browser first helps catch Vue.js or API errors early, before wasting time debugging on the iOS side. It's faster to fix issues in the browser DevTools than to troubleshoot them inside Xcode or on a device.
An Android Developer’s Encounter with Quasar and Vue.js
Source article: /posts/an-android-developer-s-encounter-with-quasar-and-vue-js
What is it like for a native Android developer to switch to Quasar and Vue.js for cross-platform development?
An Android developer with 8 years of experience, including building ING Turkey's banking app, switched to Quasar and Vue.js after feeling burned out doing repetitive work. He found Quasar's cross-platform support, Material Design components, and Vue.js syntax refreshing and productive, letting him build both web and mobile apps from one codebase.
Why did an experienced Android developer stop doing native development?
After working on a complex banking app at ING Turkey, subsequent projects felt like repetitive CRUD operations. The developer felt creatively confined and restless, which led him to seek new challenges outside native Android development.
What is Quasar Framework and why did this developer like it?
Quasar is a cross-platform framework based on Vue.js that lets developers build web and mobile apps from a single codebase. The developer appreciated its Material Design-like components, readable Vue.js syntax, and large community support that made problem-solving fast and enjoyable.
How long did it take to get comfortable with Quasar coming from native Android?
The developer felt like 'meeting aliens' at first but adapted quickly. Within just a few weeks, he had already built a working app that connects to a movie database API and lists films.
A Principal Who Made a Difference 2: Class That Blooms in the Snow
Source article: /posts/a-principal-who-made-a-difference-2-class-that-blooms-in
What was it like for a new teacher assigned to a remote snow-blocked village in Sivas, Turkey in 1981?
In early 1981, a newly appointed teacher struggled through blizzards, closed mountain roads, and freezing temperatures to reach Kazancık village in Sivas. He walked the final stretch on foot through a snowstorm, nearly freezing, driven purely by his passion for teaching. Once there, he slept in the principal's office and survived on eggs and stale bread until spring.
How did the teacher get to Kazancık village when the roads were completely blocked?
A local driver named Osman Abi took him as far as the car could go, then waited with the belongings while the teacher walked the last two kilometers through a blizzard in darkness. He arrived nearly frozen and went straight to the school, where a colleague lit the stove and helped him recover.
Why didn't the teacher just wait until the roads opened in March?
He was deeply motivated by his lifelong ambition to teach and refused to wait idle. Even knowing that three teachers had recently frozen to death on similar roads in the region, he said his drive to teach overcame even his fear of death.
How did the teacher manage daily life once he arrived at the village?
He slept in the school's principal office after finding it difficult to adapt to staying in villagers' homes. Unable to cook, he ate eggs three times a day — soft-boiled in the morning, boiled at noon, and fried in the evening — alongside bread that had gone as hard as firewood in the dry Sivas air.
You Can’t See, But You Can Feel It: The Golden Ratio
Source article: /posts/you-can-t-see-but-you-can-feel-it-the-golden-ratio
What is the golden ratio (1.618) and how does it make mobile app UI designs look better?
The golden ratio (1.618, or phi) is a mathematical proportion found in nature, art, and architecture that makes things look naturally beautiful. Developers use it in spacing, card sizes, and text scaling — often without realizing it. When applied intentionally in mobile UI design, it creates layouts that feel balanced and professional to users.
What is the golden ratio and where does it come from?
The golden ratio is approximately 1.618, also written as phi (φ). It traces back to ancient Egypt and Greece — Euclid described it around 300 BC as dividing a line so the whole-to-large part ratio equals the large-to-small part ratio. During the Renaissance, Luca Pacioli called it the 'divine proportion,' and Leonardo da Vinci used it deliberately in works like the Mona Lisa and Vitruvian Man.
How does the golden ratio appear in mobile app UI design?
The golden ratio shows up in spacing between elements, card proportions, text size scaling, and constraint-based layouts — whether you use Jetpack Compose or XML. When developers apply it intentionally, they create designs that don't tire the eye and feel visually balanced. Many modern UI kits quietly use this ratio in the background without labeling it explicitly.
Do you need to be a designer to use the golden ratio as a developer?
No — developers can learn and apply this visual language through code. The post argues that understanding why something looks good, not just what works technically, is what separates a craftsman from a regular coder. Being curious about the connection between beauty and logic is a sign of growth as a developer.
The Moment My Ex-Manager Was Rightfully Angry at Me : Dagger Hilt and the DI Lesson
Source article: /posts/the-moment-my-ex-manager-was-rightfully-angry-at-me-dagger-hilt
How does Dagger Hilt help manage multiple API endpoints and dependency injection in Android projects?
A developer skipped adding Dagger to a small Android tablet app, thinking it wasn't needed. As the project grew to integrate multiple third-party services with different endpoints, the codebase became messy. Dagger Hilt's @Qualifier annotations would have made managing multiple clients and base URLs much cleaner from the start.
Why should you add dependency injection to a small Android project early on?
Small projects can grow unexpectedly. In this case, a simple tablet app eventually needed to connect to a valet QR system, an Oracle hotel database, and multiple other services. Adding DI early would have made scaling those connections far less painful.
How do you handle multiple base URLs in Android with Dagger Hilt?
You use @Qualifier annotations to distinguish between different OkHttpClient, Retrofit, and API service instances. Each service gets its own qualifier (e.g., @BaseClient, @ValeClient, @HotelClient), so Hilt knows exactly which dependency to inject where.
What is the difference between Dagger and Dagger Hilt for Android?
Dagger is the original dependency injection framework, but setting it up in Android projects was complex and error-prone. Hilt is built on top of Dagger and simplifies the setup with Android-specific components like SingletonComponent, making DI much easier to add and maintain.
A Document-Based Legal AI That Can Say "I Don't Know"
Source article: /posts/a-document-based-legal-ai-that-can-say-i-don-t-know
How do you build a document-based legal AI that cites sources and refuses to hallucinate?
This developer built a legal AI that only answers questions using your own uploaded documents, never drawing on outside knowledge. When the answer isn't in those documents, it simply says so, and every response shows exactly which source it came from. The system uses a retrieval approach instead of model training, so documents stay checkable and adding new ones takes seconds.
Why is RAG better than fine-tuning for legal AI?
Fine-tuning embeds information into model weights in a fuzzy, unverifiable way and does not reliably reduce hallucination — it can even worsen it. RAG keeps documents in an external archive, retrieves relevant chunks at query time, and allows source citation and instant document updates without retraining.
How does the system prevent hallucination in legal answers?
The system uses a strict system prompt with temperature set to 0, instructing the model to answer only from provided document chunks and never from general knowledge. If the answer is not found in the documents, the model is required to respond with 'I could not find this information in the provided documents.'
What embedding and search approach is used for multilingual legal documents?
Each text chunk is embedded into a 1024-dimension vector using BAAI/bge-m3, a multilingual model that handles Turkish well and runs locally without an external API. Normalized vectors are stored in a NumPy array and searched via dot-product cosine similarity, with a minimum similarity cutoff of 0.35 to filter irrelevant results.
A Principal Who Made a Difference 3 Pur Cliffs and Partridge Sounds
Source article: /posts/a-principal-who-made-a-difference-3
What was it like teaching in a remote Sivas village in 1980s Turkey?
A retired school principal recalls his year teaching in a remote Turkish village in the early 1980s, braving harsh winters, stunning mountain scenery, and the sounds of partridges to serve a small Chechen community. He refused to burn the fuel his students brought in, bought his own firewood, and spent his free time helping children with homework. Years later, an unexpected reunion at a bus station brought that chapter of his life full circle.
What were living conditions like for teachers in remote Turkish villages in the early 1980s?
Teachers in villages like Kazancık in Sivas faced harsh winters with poorly insulated homes, roads closed until March, and no nearby doctors or stores. Despite hardships, local villagers showed great respect and hospitality toward teachers, often reserving seats of honor and sharing scarce resources like televisions.
What are the Pur Rocks (Pur Kayaları) in Kazancık village, Sivas?
The Pur Rocks are striking white-stone cliffs located across from Kazancık village in Sivas, described as nearly glass-like in their shine and snow-white color. They are not marble and are not used commercially, but they captivated the local teacher who regularly climbed up to admire them.
Why did the principal refuse to hunt partridges and hares despite being a nature enthusiast?
Though he tracked hares and partridges in the mountains above Kazancık, the principal was so moved by the harmony of partridge calls echoing through the village each morning that he never once fired a shot at any animal. He climbed the mountains without even a stick, choosing to simply listen and observe.
Vibe Coding for 10 Years Experienced Software Developer
Source article: /posts/vibe-coding-for-10-years-experienced-software-developer
What does vibe coding feel like for a 10-year experienced software developer?
A 10-year veteran developer tried AI vibe coding tools like Lovable and Gemini and found them useful for rapid prototyping, but warns that the generated code can be insecure and untrustworthy without careful review. He argues experienced developers should act as architects directing the AI, not surrender control to it. Vibe coding works best as a starting point, not a finished product.
What are the main security risks of vibe coding for experienced developers?
Vibe coding tools prioritize speed over security, often generating code with vulnerabilities. AI-generated code can potentially embed malicious agents that run on your device, risking exposure of banking info and passwords. A senior developer recommends reading and understanding every line before committing any AI-generated code.
How did a veteran developer use Lovable and Gemini while maintaining SOLID principles?
The developer used Lovable for rapid visual design and Gemini as a supporting AI tool, positioning the AI as the grunt worker while acting as the architect. This approach allowed fast delivery without abandoning software engineering principles like SOLID. The key was reviewing all generated code rather than blindly trusting it.
How does switching from Java to Kotlin compare to the shift toward vibe coding?
The developer previously felt programming 'got too easy' when switching from Java to Kotlin, questioning whether the original excitement of building software would return. Vibe coding triggered a similar existential question about developer identity and craft. Both transitions forced experienced developers to reconsider their role and the value of deep technical mastery.
Is Discipline Necessary for Success? Or Have They Been Lying to You All Along?
Source article: /posts/is-discipline-necessary-for-success
Is discipline truly necessary for success, or can people succeed without it?
Multiple studies show that discipline and self-control strongly predict long-term success. But some highly successful people, like Salvador Dalí and Steve Jobs, thrived on instinct and chaos rather than rigid routines. The real picture is mixed: discipline helps most people, but passion, vision, and flexibility can sometimes replace it.
What does science say about discipline and success?
Multiple studies support discipline as a key success factor. The Stanford Marshmallow Experiment linked delayed gratification to better life outcomes, Angela Duckworth's 'Grit' study found disciplined persistence matters more than talent, and Ericsson's research showed that deliberate, consistent practice — not natural ability — drives expertise.
Can people succeed without discipline?
Yes, some highly successful people operated without strict routines or conventional discipline. Salvador Dalí worked on inspiration alone, and Steve Jobs was famously disorganized yet built one of the world's most valuable companies. For such individuals, passion, vision, and flexibility compensated for a lack of structured discipline.
Is discipline the only path to success or are there alternatives?
Discipline is a powerful and well-researched driver of success, but it is not the only path. Passion, creativity, intuition, and adaptability can also lead to extraordinary achievements. The evidence suggests discipline significantly increases the probability of success, but exceptional cases show it is not an absolute requirement for everyone.
A Principal Who Made a Difference: My Dad’s Leadership Journey
Source article: /posts/a-principal-who-made-a-difference-my-dad-s-leadership
What leadership lessons can be learned from a school principal with 35 years of experience?
A writer is launching a blog series sharing memories and leadership lessons from his father, a deeply respected school principal with 35 years of experience. Through real stories, the father showed staff and parents alike that good leadership means protecting people, solving problems calmly, and showing up when it counts. The series aims to honor a man whose quiet wisdom and care left a lasting mark on everyone around him.
How did the principal handle conflicts between teachers and parents at school?
The principal intervened immediately, redirecting emotional teachers back to their classrooms and bringing parents into his office to resolve issues calmly. He made clear that protecting his staff was his personal responsibility, treating teachers like family. This approach prevented escalation and preserved professional reputations.
How did the principal show support for school families beyond his official duties?
When a parent's child needed surgery, the principal visited the hospital, helped with paperwork, brought gifts for the child, and gave the family his personal phone number. He told them, 'I'm your mother and father here,' embodying a servant-leader philosophy. This human approach turned a tense conflict into a lasting bond of trust.
How did the principal respond when a reliable teacher was unexpectedly late to school?
Rather than reprimanding the teacher, the principal called immediately out of concern, welcomed him warmly upon arrival, offered tea, and acknowledged his strong track record before asking what was wrong. This empathetic response created a safe space for the teacher to open up. It demonstrates that trust and consistency from staff should be met with compassion, not punishment.
My Sci-Fi Madness #1 Dissing Dune
Source article: /posts/my-sci-fi-madness-1-dissing-dune
What are the main themes, characters, and criticisms of Frank Herbert's Dune?
Frank Herbert's Dune is a landmark 1965 sci-fi novel about Paul Atreides, who rises to power on a desert planet that produces the universe's most valuable resource. While the author respects its cultural importance, they found the story frustrating due to jarring time jumps, an unconvincing hero, and more fantasy than science fiction. The book's huge claims about conquered planets and a predictable chosen-one plot left them wanting more depth and originality.
What is Frank Herbert's Dune about?
Dune is a 1965 epic science fiction novel set on the desert planet Arrakis, the only source of 'spice' — a substance that extends life, expands consciousness, and enables space travel. It follows young Paul Atreides as his family takes control of Arrakis, faces betrayal, and Paul rises to lead the native Fremen people. The story explores themes of power, ecology, destiny, and human potential.
What are the main criticisms of Dune as a science fiction novel?
Common criticisms include frequent time jumps that disrupt character development, heavy reliance on fantasy elements like prophecies and psychic powers that feel more fantasy than sci-fi, and a lack of detail around space travel despite its central importance. Paul's god-like status is seen as inconsistent, and the plot follows a predictable 'chosen one' hero arc that lacks originality.
Does Dune lean more toward fantasy than science fiction?
Despite being marketed as sci-fi, Dune contains many fantasy-leaning elements such as Bene Gesserit genetic manipulation, prophetic visions, and supernatural powers like those of Alia. While it includes sci-fi elements like ornithopters and Arrakis's ecology, readers seeking hard science fiction may find the fantasy elements dominant and potentially disappointing.
Just Five More Minutes, Please: 10 Lazy Ways to Wake Up Late!
Source article: /posts/10-lazy-ways-to-wake-up-late
How can I sleep in longer in the morning without being late?
If you prep the night before — packing your bag, picking your outfit, and sorting breakfast — you can shave a lot of wasted time off your morning routine. That extra prep means you can stay in bed longer without being late. Small habits like a good pillow, a dark room, and a consistent bedtime routine also help you sleep better and wake up feeling more rested.
What can I do the night before to sleep in longer in the morning?
Pack your bag, lay out your clothes, do your ironing, and prep your coffee and lunch the night before. These tasks can save you 20–30 minutes in the morning, giving you extra sleep time without rushing.
Should I skip breakfast to get more sleep in the morning?
Skipping breakfast or switching to two meals a day can free up significant morning time for sleep. If you can't skip it, prepare ingredients the night before to minimize kitchen time in the morning.
How does sleep quality affect your ability to sleep in longer?
Investing in a comfortable bed and pillow helps you wake up feeling more refreshed, making it easier to fall back asleep or feel rested with less time in bed. Pre-sleep routines like brushing teeth and using blackout curtains also improve sleep quality.
Running: Journey Towards Freedom, Health, and Inner Peace?
Source article: /posts/why-i-run
Why do people get into ultramarathon running and what mental and physical benefits does it provide?
The author started running in 2017 during a lonely, directionless period in his life, first by chasing his dog around a small garden and gradually building up his stamina. Over time, running became a way to cope, connect with others, and push personal limits, eventually leading him to complete multiple ultramarathons. He reflects on how the discomfort of running brought him unexpected clarity, purpose, and community.
What motivated the author to start running?
The author began running in 2017 during a period of loneliness and aimlessness, initially sprinting with their dog Şeker in a small garden. The enjoyment of exhaustion, sweat, and the refreshing shower afterward became an unexpected motivator to keep going.
How did the author progress from casual running to ultramarathons?
Starting with just 6 garden laps a day, the author gradually increased the count and discovered a love for endurance. This eventually led to completing races like the 63 km Cappadocia Ultra twice and the 35 km Dağyenice Ultra, with ambitions for even longer distances.
What role does suffering play in the appeal of ultramarathon running?
As Dean Karnazes notes in Ultramarathon Man, runners often find a 'magic in misery' where pain heightens awareness and engagement. The author echoes this sentiment, suggesting that society has confused comfort with happiness, and that enduring physical hardship can foster deeper consciousness and fulfillment.
The T-Shirt Crowd Misses You, Haluk Levent
Source article: /posts/the-t-shirt-crowd-misses-you-haluk-levent
What were the most memorable moments from Haluk Levent's concerts at Kuruçeşme in 2021 and 2022?
A writer shares memories of attending two Haluk Levent concerts in Istanbul, describing the joy of singing along in the rain and dressing up in custom T-shirts to catch the rock legend's attention. The pieces reflect deep admiration for Levent's music and character, touched by sadness over how the 2023 earthquakes changed him forever.
What happened at Haluk Levent's October 3, 2021 concert at Kuruçeşme?
The concert took place in light rain, yet no attendees left despite getting soaked, surprising Haluk Levent himself. The author and spouse were impressed by the orchestra's skill and Haluk Levent's habit of mingling with the crowd. They left wanting more and promised to attend his next concert.
How did fans prepare for Haluk Levent's June 3, 2022 concert?
The author and their friend Nare searched for a high-quality old photo of Haluk Levent, had custom T-shirts printed with his image, and planned to wear them to get his attention at the concert. Despite Nare's doubts, the author was confident Haluk Levent would notice them in the crowd.
Why is Haluk Levent considered more than just a rock musician in Turkey?
Beyond his 40-year rock career, Haluk Levent founded the charity organization Ahbap and donated proceeds from a cryptocurrency commercial to students. His numerous acts of generosity, including the story of 'Elfida,' earned him deep respect as a people's artist committed to social good.
Opening 11 Million Character HTML in a Mobile WebView: Virtual Chunking
Source article: /posts/opening-11-million-character-html-in-a-mobile-webview
How do you render an 11 million character HTML document in a mobile WebView without crashing?
A Turkish legal app was crashing on older phones because it tried to load entire laws—some over 11 million characters of HTML—into memory at once. The team solved this by virtually chunking the documents, rendering only the section visible on screen and keeping the rest out of the browser's memory. This adapted the "virtual scrolling" technique to a complex, hierarchical HTML structure, keeping the app responsive without redirecting users to an external browser.
Why does opening a large HTML document crash a mobile WebView?
When a WebView loads a massive HTML file (e.g., 11 million characters), the browser keeps the entire DOM in memory and recalculates layout on every scroll, causing 'layout thrashing.' This locks the main thread, overloads RAM, and causes the device to freeze or crash, especially on mid-range phones.
What is virtual chunking and how does it fix large HTML rendering on mobile?
Virtual chunking is an adaptation of the 'Virtual Scrolling' or 'Windowing' technique applied to hierarchical HTML structures. Instead of loading the full document into the DOM at once, only the portion visible on screen is rendered, keeping invisible content out of the DOM to free up the main thread and reduce memory usage.
Why can't you split a large HTML document using simple regex or character splitting?
HTML documents contain deeply nested structures like tables and divs. Splitting at arbitrary character positions or with simple regex risks leaving unclosed tags, breaking the DOM hierarchy, and causing browser rendering errors. A proper parser is needed to identify safe split points in the document structure.
My Sci-Fi Madness #0 The Genre’s Traits and My Beginning
Source article: /posts/my-sci-fi-madness-0-the-genre-s-traits-and-my-beginning
What are the defining traits of science fiction and how does one develop a passion for the genre?
Science fiction goes beyond entertainment by pushing imagination and exploring big questions about technology, society, and what it means to be human. The author traces their own journey into the genre, from H.G. Wells in high school to Richard Morgan's *Altered Carbon* during military service. This series will dig into beloved sci-fi works, starting next with a deep dive into Frank Herbert's *Dune*.
What are the key characteristics of the science fiction genre?
Science fiction is defined by four core traits: scientific and technological innovations (e.g., space travel, AI), social and philosophical questions about human nature, alternative realities and future scenarios, and strong narrative with deep character development. It acts as both an imaginative escape and a mirror reflecting humanity's hopes and fears. Works like '2001: A Space Odyssey,' 'Foundation,' and 'Dune' exemplify these traits.
What are some good starter science fiction books for beginners?
H.G. Wells's 'War of the Worlds' and 'The Time Machine' are excellent entry points, as they replaced supernatural elements with science-driven storytelling and introduced social commentary to the genre. Richard K. Morgan's 'Altered Carbon' is another highly engaging starting point, especially for readers interested in cyberpunk. Frank Herbert's 'Dune' is also recommended for its rich world-building and character depth.
How is science fiction different from fantasy?
Science fiction grounds its storytelling in scientific and technological possibilities, replacing magic and supernatural events with human or alien-made machines and plausible future scenarios. Fantasy, by contrast, relies on magic, spells, and supernatural elements. H.G. Wells's work is often credited with moving speculative fiction closer to positive sciences and away from fantasy conventions.